Pengantar : Hendro Sangkoyo
Penyelaras akhir : Herlily
Penerbit : INSISTPress
Tahun : 2005
ISBN : 979-3457-64-5
Kolasi : 15x21cm; xxxi +225 halaman
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14
Kaum miskin di pedesaan mengalami kesulitan yang besar sehubungan dengan kenyataan bahwa tugas-tugas utama negara nasional – sesuai dengan konstitusinya untuk mengurus rakyat, terutama golongan yang miskin, telah digerogoti sedemikian rupa oleh aktor-aktor neo-liberalisme, sehingga pemerintahan lebih diarahkan pada urusan-urusan yang bersifat layanan seperti bisnis belaka (likely business). Mekanisme kerja untuk mereformasi kuasa-kuasa negara Dunia Ketiga utamanya adalah: (i) tekanan internasional untuk menciptakan privatisasi, baik terhadap badan-badan usaha milik negara, kekayaan nasional lainnya, maupun urusan-urusan sosial yang menyangkut hajat hidup orang banyak, seperti kesehatan dan pendidikan. Alasan umum tentang suatu tata pemerintahan baru yang baik atau good governence, akan berakibat memperkecil peran negara dengan tekanan pada penurunan belanja negara (termasuk subsidi) dalam segala bidang, serta penghapusan kegiatan negara yang berorientasi sosial; (ii) dirancangnya dan kemudian dijalankannya program-program pemerintah dengan uang hutang (debt related programs) yang secara langsung maupun tidak menyediakan fasilitas yang subur untuk melayani kepentingan investasi dalam negeri maupun asing, dan (iii) ikatan-ikatan perjanjian internasional WTO yang memaksa negara nasional untuk menghilangkan halangan arus transaksi investasi dan perdagangan.
Sementara itu, bila kuasa negara salah dipergunakan dan melemah, maka rakyat pedesaan menghadapi masalah yang sangat serius, yakni negara membiarkan rakyat pedesaan bertarung dalam arena yang sudah pasti akan kalahnya. Inilah jaman, “when corporation rule the world” (”ketika perusahaan menguasai dunia” -- menggunakan istilah dari David Korten, 1997), atau jaman ketika “profit over people” (”keuntungan mengalahkan rakyat” -- menggunakan istilah dari Noam Chomski, 2001), atau jaman di bawah ”market triumphalism” (kedigjayaan pasar – menggunakan istilah Richard Peet dan Michael Watts, 1997).
Menjadi jelas bahwa kita perlu memahami kedudukan dan perkembangan gerakan rakyat pedesaan dewasa ini dalam konteks kapitalisme neoliberal yang menggelar kuasa-kuasanya hingga mengenai kaum miskin pedesaan. Namun, kita perlu pula memahami bahwa gerakan-gerakan rakyat pedesaan dewasa ini tidaklah sekedar menanggapi konfigurasi kuasa-kuasa lokal yang mengenai mereka. Melainkan, aksi-aksi kolektif di tingkat lokal dari gerakan-gerakan itu, telah sampai memanfaatkan dan mendorong juga perubahan konfigurasi politik pada tubuh negara nasional. Bahkan, saat ini telah terbentuk jaringan global dari gerakan-gerakan tersebut dalam rangka menantang dan ikut mengubah agenda dari badan-badan internasional. Para sarjana pendukung gerakan sosialpun telah menyumbang pengetahuan-pengetahuan baru yang sangat penting dicermati oleh mereka yang hendak memahami gejala gerakan rakyat pedesaan dewasa ini dan konteksnya.
Sepanjang tahun 2000 – 2003, UNRISD (United Nation Research Institute for Social Development) menyelenggarakan suatu proyek penelitian tentang Civil Society Strategies and Movements for Rural Asset Redistribution and Improved Livelihoods. Salah satu buah proyek itu adalah naskah karya Neil Webster (2004),Understanding the Evolving Diversities and Originalities in Rural Social Movements in the Age of Globalization (Paper Number 7, Februari 2004). Kunjungilah http://www.unrisd.org. Di kalangan pendukung gerakan, sejak tahun 2000 berkembang suatu jaringan pendukung gerakan rakyat pedesaan, Land Action and Research Network (LARN) yang memberikan dukungan informasi dan analisis bagi global campaign for agrarian reform. Kunjungilah http://www.landaction.org. Di dalam situs maya itu dapat diperoleh analisis para sarjana-aktivis tentang gerakan-gerakan rakyat pedesaan Dunia Ketiga dan konteksnya, seperti MST di Brazil, Zapatista di Mexico, LPM di Afrika Selatan, dan sebagainya. Juga dapat ditemukan berita-berita terbaru tentang perkembangan situasi yang melingkupi berbagai gerakan itu maupun dunia dalam gerakan itu sendiri. Selain itu, ada buku baru dari Sam Moyo dan Paris Yeros, Reclaiming the Land: The Resurgence of Rural Movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America, London, Zed Books, 2005, yang berisikan naskah-naskah karya para sarjana dan/atau aktivis terkemuka di negara-negara Asia, Afrika dan Amerika Latin mengenai berbagai aksi kolektif land occupation dari berbagai organisasi rakyat pedesaan di Asia.
Dari seluruh sajian profil ringkas, analisis terhadap dari masing-masing gerakan dan perbandingan antar gerakan, serta rujukan pada pendapat-pendapat para sarjana lainnya, dapat segera ditemukan keragaman pelaku utama dan pendukung dan keragaman jenis aksi kolektif yang diandalkan. Aksi-aksi kolektif dari para pelaku utama dan pendukung dari masing-masing gerakan ini dibentuk dan bekerja berhadapan dengan (i) kekhususan pagelaran kuasa yang dihadapi dan objek yang dipertarungkan, termasuk jenis sumber daya yang diperebutkan dan lingkungan agraria yang dihadapi, dan (ii) kekhususan kesempatan politik yang dimanfaatkan, termasuk arena-arena pertarungan yang dimasukinya. Keempat hal ini – pelaku, aksi kolektif, pagelaran kuasa yang dihadapi dan kesempatan politik yang dimanfaaatkan – telah membuat kita tidak lagi dapat mempertahankan pandangan klasik mengenai petani dan argumen yang menjelaskan pemberontakan petani.
Meskipun demikian, kita tidak boleh melupakan “pandangan-pandangan klasik” termaksud. Pandangan-pandangan yang layak dikembangkan sekarang merupakan metamorfosa dari padanya, seperti halnya kupu-kupu berasal dari ulat, ulat berasal dari telur.
Wallahualam bissawab.
Bandung, 11 Juli 2005
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